What came back from the International Space Station (ISSInternational Space Station) in 2019 was, to the naked eye, almost nothing. A few specks, roughly the size of a pea, suspended in liquid inside a sealed container. Under a microscope, though, they resolved into something stranger: tiny spheres of human cells that had, over months, organized themselves into rough three-dimensional models of human brain development. Grown without blood vessels or sensory input, they lacked consciousness, but had, after just 30 days in orbit, begun to show signs of aging.


